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Lecture Notes on Object-oriented Programming using C++

Jonathan G. Campbell
Department of Computing,
Letterkenny Institute of Technology,
Co. Donegal, Ireland.

email: jonathan.campbell@lyit.ie
URL:http://homepage.ntlworld.com/jg.campbell/lyitoop/
Report No: jc/04/0003/r
Revision 2.1 (draft)

Date: 19th April 2004

Contents
1. Introduction and Overview
- 1.1 Scope and Warning(!)
- 1.2 Overview
- 1.3 Recommended Reading
2. Introduction to Object-oriented Programming
- 2.1 Java and C++ -- Mixture of Paradigms
- 2.2 The Question Again, Why OO
- 2.3 Software Engineering and its Requirements and Goals
  - 2.3.1 Introduction
  - 2.3.2 Software Crisis
- 2.4 The Waterfall Life-cycle and Structured Systems Analysis and Design
  - 2.4.1 Waterfall Life-cycle
- 2.5 Structured Systems Analysis
- 2.6 Structured Systems Design
- 2.7 Structured Systems Implementation, Programming
- 2.8 Shortcomings of Waterfall and Top-down Decomposition
- 2.9 Object-orientation to the Rescue
- 2.10 Key Application: Event-driven Interaction
- 2.11 Cornerstones of Software Engineering and Object-oriented Systems
- 2.12 Summary
3. Classes and Objects
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 A Cell Class
  - 3.2.1 Informal Specification of the Class
  - 3.2.2 Class Cell
- 3.3 Using Separate Files
- 3.4 A Coordinate Class
- 3.5 Exercises
4. Variables, Values, Scope, Lifetime
- 4.1 Types, Variables, Values
- 4.2 Scope of variables
- 4.3 Namespaces
- 4.4 Heap memory management
  - 4.4.1 Introduction
  - 4.4.2 Garbage
- 4.5 Lifetime of variables
  - 4.5.1 Lifetime of variables - summary
5. Inheritance
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Example 1: Class Cell extended via inheritance
- 5.3 Dynamic Typing, Run-time Binding and Polymorphism
- 5.4 Overriding (virtual functions) versus Overloading
- 5.5 Strong Typing
- 5.6 Inheritance & Virtual Functions -- Summary
- 5.7 Inheritance versus Inclusion, is-A versus has-a
- 5.8 Reuse -- the Real Power of Inheritance & Virtual Functions
- 5.9 Example 2: a Person class hierarchy
- 5.10 A Person Class
- 5.11 A Student Class
- 5.12 Use of the Person Hierarchy
- 5.13 Polymorphism
6. Tutorial Introduction to C++
- 6.1 Get Started
  - 6.1.1 Your First C++ Program
- 6.2 Variables and Arithmetic
- 6.3 For Loop
- 6.4 Symbolic Constants and the Preprocessor
- 6.5 Character Input and Output
- 6.6 Arrays
- 6.7 Functions
  - 6.7.1 Declaration of functions
  - 6.7.2 Program Split into Modules
- 6.8 Creation of Executables
- 6.9 Summary
7. Variables, Types, Operators and Expressions
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Variable names
- 7.3 Elementary Data Types and Sizes
- 7.4 References
- 7.5 Arrays
- 7.6 Pointers
- 7.7 Strings in C++
  - 7.7.1 Introduction
  - 7.7.2 C-strings
- 7.8 Standard String Class
- 7.9 Constants and their Types
- 7.10 Declaration versus Definition
- 7.11 Arithmetic Operators
- 7.12 Relational and Logical Operators
- 7.13 Type Conversions and Casts
- 7.14 Assignment Operators and Expressions
- 7.15 Increment and Decrement Operators
- 7.16 Conditional Expressions
- 7.17 Bitwise Operators
- 7.18 Precedence and Order of Evaluation of Operators
8. Control Flow
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Statements and Blocks
- 8.3 Selection
- 8.4 Repetition
- 8.5 break and continue
- 8.6 goto and Labels
9. Functions and Program Structure
- 9.1 Introduction
- 9.2 Basics
- 9.3 Declarations of Functions - Prototypes
- 9.4 Function parameters
- 9.5 Function return values
- 9.6 Overloaded function names
- 9.7 Inline functions
- 9.8 External variables
- 9.9 Scope of variables
- 9.10 Namespaces
- 9.11 Heap memory management
- 9.12 Lifetime of variables
  - 9.12.1 Lifetime of variables - summary
- 9.13 Memory layout of a C++ program - a model
- 9.14 Initialisation
- 9.15 Register Variables
- 9.16 Block Structure
- 9.17 Recursion
- 9.18 The C++ Preprocessor
10. Records - struct, class, union
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 A Point record
- 10.3 Operations on Structs
- 10.4 Unions
11. Objects That Use Heap Memory
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 An Heap-based Array Class
- 11.3 The 'this' pointer
- 11.4 Copy Constructors and Parameter Passing and Value Return
- 11.5 Assignment
- 11.6 Destructor
- 11.7 The Big-Three
- 11.8 Reference parameters and reference return
- 11.9 Privacy is class-based, not object-based
12. Operator Overloading
- 12.1 Introduction
- 12.2 Lead-in - Add Functions for Array
- 12.3 Chaining calls to member functions
- 12.4 Operators
- 12.5 Member versus Non-member Functions, Conversions
13. A List Class
- 13.1 Introduction
- 13.2 Friend Functions and Classes
- 13.3 A List Class
- 13.4 List implementation code
- 13.5 Deep Copy: Copy Constructor & Assignment
- 13.6 The Big-Three
  - 13.6.1 Defence against naive defaults
- 13.7 Overloading the Stream Output Operator
- 13.8 A simple client program
14. Correctness and Specification
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Syntactic Specification
- 14.3 Semantic Specification
- 14.4 Design-by-Contract
- 14.5 Pre-conditions and Defensive Programming
15. Templates
- 15.1 Introduction
- 15.2 Template Functions
  - 15.2.1 Overloaded Functions recalled
  - 15.2.2 Template Function
- 15.3 Polymorphism - Parametric
- 15.4 Alternative Approaches to Generiticity
- 15.5 Template Array
  - 15.5.1 Class declaration and implementation
  - 15.5.2 A simple client program
- 15.6 Template List
- 15.7 A simple client program
16. Queue and Stack Classes
- 16.1 Introduction
- 16.2 A Queue Class
  - 16.2.1 Informal Specification of the Class
  - 16.2.2 Class Interface
- 16.3 Queue implementation code
- 16.4 A simple client program
- 16.5 A Stack Class
  - 16.5.1 Informal Specification of the Class
  - 16.5.2 Class Interface
- 16.6 Stack implementation code
- 16.7 A simple client program
17. A Multi-class Program - Graphics
- 17.1 Introduction
- 17.2 Matrix class
- 17.3 Image class
- 17.4 Figure Class
- 17.5 Open-Closed Principle
- 17.6 Figure Classes
- 17.7 Program using Figure hierarchy
A. Where do procedural programs come from?
- A.1 Introduction
- A.2 Patterns and Programs
- A.3 Sequence
- A.4 Repetition
  - A.4.1 Sequence of Repetitions
  - A.4.2 Repetitions of Repetitions -- Nested
- A.5 Subprograms -- Procedures, Methods ...Functions
  - A.5.1 Without Parameters
  - A.5.2 Procedures with Parameters
- A.6 Selection
- A.7 Exercises
Bibliography
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